Kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ndizo maziko a kusintha kwa mphamvu: chifukwa cha kusinthika kosalekeza, izi zikuyenda bwino komanso zopikisana, pamene matekinoloje atsopano ali pafupi.

Sikuti amangopanga magetsi popanda kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, komanso amakhala osatha. Mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ndiye mwala wapangodya wa kusintha kwa mphamvu. Kunena zowona, mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizimakonzedwanso koma zimasinthidwa kukhala magetsi. Awa ndi magwero amphamvu monga mphepo ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa zomwe zimadzikonzanso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse, mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, mafuta oyaka mafuta monga malasha ndi mafuta.

Ukadaulo wokhwima: mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi geothermal

Njira yakale kwambiri yopangira magetsi kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa ndimagetsi amadzi(zopangira magetsi zoyamba zidayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800) ndipo ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyikidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuposa ya magwero ena onse ongowonjezwdwa pamodzi. Uwu ndi umisiri wokhwima womwe sumabwereketsa zosokoneza, koma matekinoloje atsopano amatha kukulitsa luso lazomera ndikutalikitsa moyo wawo. Komanso, m’mayiko ambiri, makamaka m’mayiko amene akungotukuka kumene, pali mwayi waukulu woti anthu achuluke pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a m’dzikoli.

Mphamvu ya m'nthaka ndi teknoloji ina yokhazikitsidwa, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Chomera choyamba padziko lapansi, ku Larderello ku Tuscany, chinatsegulidwa mu 2011 koma kuyesa koyamba kunayambira mu 1904. Mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dziko lero imagwira ntchito yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chifukwa chakuti madera ena a dziko lapansi amasangalala kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa kutentha. Tekinoloje zatsopano, mongaenthalpy yochepaZomera za m'nthaka, komabe, zimatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mayiko omwe akuyenera kupanga mphamvu ya geothermal.

Kukula kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo

Solar photovoltaic mphamvu, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, ndiye protagonist wa kusintha kwa mphamvu komwe kukuchitika panopa. Ngakhale mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo udindo wake unkaonedwa kuti ndi wochepa kwambiri, lero ukukumana ndi kukula kwa rocketing: mphamvu ya photovoltaic yapadziko lonse inakula kuchoka pa 40 GW mu 2010 kufika pa 580 GW mu 2019. makamaka m'gawo la sayansi yazinthu, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zomera za photovoltaic zikhale zopikisana pachuma ndi mafuta oyaka. Malinga ndi International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), mtengo wopangira magetsi kuchokera ku photovoltaics wagwa ndi 82% m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi olimbikitsa kwambiri: ndiukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri, zitha kukulitsa mphamvu zama sola ndi 30% poyerekeza ndi masiku ano komanso zokolola zopitilira 20%.

Tekinoloje yapitanso patsogolo kwambiri pagawo lamphamvu yamphepo: Masiku ano ma turbine amphepo amatha kutalika mpaka mita 200 m'mimba mwake ndipo akuneneratu kuti awonjezeka kwambiri. Kuchulukirachulukira kwadzetsanso ndalama pankhaniyi: kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2019 mtengo wopangira mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja udatsika ndi 39% ndipo madera akunyanja adatsika ndi 29%. Zotsatira zake zakula modabwitsa: kuchuluka kwa mafamu amphepo am'mphepete mwa nyanja kwakula kuchoka pa 178 GW mu 2010 kufika pa 594 GW mu 2019.Zomera zakunyanjatawona kukula pang'onopang'ono ndi 28 GW yokha yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2019, koma kuthekera kwakukula ndi kwakukulu.

Tekinoloje zomwe zikubwera: mphamvu zam'madzi, haidrojeni ndi kusungirako

Pakati pa magwero odalirika a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa za m'tsogolo ndi nyanja zathu ndi nyanja, ndi mphamvu zawo zazikulu: njira yoonekeratu yopangira magetsi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mafunde, koma njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. za mafunde, ndi phindu kuti izi zikhoza kuneneratu molondola. Njira zina ndizomwe zimatengera kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa madzi apamtunda ndi madzi akuya kapenanso potengera kusiyana kwa mchere wa madzi ambiri. Ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito magwerowa sunakhwime mokwanira kuti uthandizire kufalikira kwawo kwamalonda, koma zoyeserera zina ndi ma prototypes adapangidwa kale ndipo atulutsa zotsatira zabwino, makamaka zokhudzana ndi mphamvu yamafunde ndi mphamvu zamafunde. Kuthekera kwamalingaliro akuyerekezeredwa ku 700 GW ndi 200 GW, motsatana.

Chinthu china choyenera kutchulidwa ndihaidrojeni, yomwe si gwero la mphamvu koma m'malo mwa vector ya mphamvu yomwe, ngati m'zigawo zake zimayendetsedwa ndi zowonjezereka, ndi 100% zobiriwira. Kuthandizira kwake kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri popanga magawo omwe ali ovuta kuyika magetsi, monga mafakitale olemera, zotumiza, zoyendetsa ndege ndi misewu, zokhazikika. Ukadaulo wa hydrogen ukadali mu gawo loyambirira ndipo sunakonzekere kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazamalonda, koma poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje ena, nthawi yofunika kukonzekera ukadaulo uwu pakutulutsa kwakukulu ndi yayifupi kwambiri.

Kusungirako mphamvumachitidwe nawonso atenga gawo lalikulu chifukwa ndi ofunikira kubweza kufupikitsa kwa magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa monga dzuwa ndi mphepo. M'mbiri, mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri osungira anali opopera magetsi opangira magetsi, koma kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwawona kukula kwakukulu kwa mabatire, makamaka mabatire a lithiamu ion, omwe atha kukhala pawokha pamalo aliwonse. Kufalikira kwa zomera zosungiramo mphamvu kumakhalabe kochepa koma kukukula mofulumira, pamenepa komanso, kupita patsogolo kwa luso lamakono lamakono lomwe likuwongolera nthawi zonse ubwino ndi ntchito za mabatire ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Pamene kusungirako mphamvu kumaphatikizidwa mokwanira mumagulu amagetsi, magetsi opangira magetsi osakanikirana amatha kudyetsa mphamvu zomwe amapanga mu gridi nthawi iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za mlengalenga: zidzatheka kukwaniritsa kusakaniza kwa magetsi omwe ali kwathunthu. zopanda mpweya. Tsogolo lomwe silili kutali kwambiri.

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