Kwiyongera gukoreshwa kwingufu zishobora kongera ingufu nizo nkingi yinzibacyuho yingufu: tubikesha guhanga udushya, ibyo bigenda birushaho gukora neza no guhatana, mugihe tekinolojiya mishya iri murwego rwo hejuru.

Ntabwo zitanga amashanyarazi gusa zitarekuye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, nazo ntizishobora kurangira. Ingufu zisubirwamo nizo nkingi yimpinduka zingufu. Mubyukuri, ingufu zikoreshwa ntizigera zivugururwa ahubwo zihinduka amashanyarazi. Izi nizo mbaraga zitanga ingufu nkumuyaga nizuba ryizuba bivugurura bititaye kubikoreshwa byose, bitandukanye nurugero, ibicanwa biva mu kirere nkamakara namavuta.

Ikoranabuhanga rikuze: ingufu z'amashanyarazi na geothermal

Inzira ya kera yo kubyara amashanyarazi aturuka ahantu hashobora kuvugururwa niamashanyarazi. Ubu ni tekinoroji ikuze idashobora kwiha impinduramatwara ibangamira, ariko tekinolojiya mishya irashobora kuzamura imikorere yibihingwa no kuramba. Byongeye kandi, mu bihugu byinshi, cyane cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, haracyari amahirwe menshi yo kuzamuka mu gushora imari mu gihugu.

Ingufu za geothermal nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga bwashyizweho, guhera mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Uruganda rwa mbere ku isi, i Larderello muri Tuscany, rwafunguwe mu 2011 ariko ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwatangiye mu 1904. Ingufu z’amashanyarazi muri iki gihe zifite uruhare rwa kabiri ku rwego rw’isi, igice kubera ko uduce tumwe na tumwe tw’isi twonyine dufite umutungo w’ubutaka. Ikoranabuhanga rishya, nkaubushake bukeibimera bya geothermal, birashobora, ariko, kwagura cyane umubare wibihugu bikwiranye niterambere ryingufu za geothermal.

Ubwiyongere bukabije bw'ingufu z'izuba n'umuyaga

Imirasire y'izuba, nkimbaraga zumuyaga, niyo ntandaro yinzibacyuho yingufu zirimo kuba. Mugihe kugeza mu myaka mike ishize uruhare rwayo rwafatwaga nkurwego rwo hejuru, uyumunsi rurimo kwiyongera cyane: ubushobozi bwamafoto yisi yose bwiyongereye kuva kuri 40 GW muri 2010 bugera kuri 580 GW muri 2019. Inguzanyo yabyo igomba kujya hejuru yiterambere ryiterambere ryikoranabuhanga, muri byumwihariko murwego rwibikoresho siyanse, yatumye ibihingwa bifotora bifotora mubukungu mubukungu hamwe nibicanwa bya fosile. Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu zisubirwamo (IRENA), ikiguzi cyo gutanga amashanyarazi avuye mu mafoto yagabanutseho 82% mu myaka icumi ishize. Kandi icyerekezo kirenze icyizere: hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho, bizashoboka kongera ingufu z'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ku gipimo cya 30% ugereranije n'urwego rw'iki gihe n'umusaruro urenga 20%.

Ikoranabuhanga naryo ryateye intambwe nini mu rwego rwaimbaraga z'umuyaga: uyumunsi turbine yumuyaga irashobora kugera kuri metero 200 z'umurambararo kandi biteganijwe ko iziyongera kurushaho. Kongera umusaruro byatumye ibiciro bigabanuka muri uru rubanza kandi: kuva mu 2010 kugeza 2019 igiciro cyo gukora amashanyarazi y’umuyaga ku butaka cyagabanutseho 39% naho ku nyanja kigabanuka 29%. Igisubizo cyabaye ubwiyongere budasanzwe: ubushobozi rusange bwimirima yumuyaga ku nkombe bwavuye kuri 178 GW muri 2010 bugera kuri 594 GW muri 2019.Ibimera byo hanzebabonye kwaguka gahoro hamwe na 28 GW gusa yashyizweho muri 2019, ariko amahirwe yo gukura ni menshi.

Ikoranabuhanga rishya: ingufu zo mu nyanja, hydrogen no kubika

Mu masoko yizewe cyane yingufu zishobora kubaho ejo hazaza harimo inyanja ninyanja, hamwe nubushobozi bwabo buhebuje: inzira igaragara cyane yo kubyara amashanyarazi ni ugukoresha ingufu zituruka kumyuka yumuraba, ariko ubundi buryo nukoresha ingufu y'amazi, hamwe ninyungu ko ibyo bishobora guhanurwa neza. Ubundi buryo burimo ubwo bushingiye ku itandukaniro ryubushyuhe hagati y’amazi yo hejuru n’amazi maremare cyangwa se hashingiwe ku itandukaniro riri mu myunyu y’amazi atandukanye. Tekinoroji yo gukoresha ayo masoko ntabwo irakura bihagije kugirango byoroherezwe gukoreshwa mubucuruzi, ariko ibihingwa bimwe na bimwe byubushakashatsi hamwe na prototypes bimaze gukorwa kandi bitanga umusaruro ushimishije, cyane cyane kubyerekeranye nimbaraga zumuraba nimbaraga zamazi. Ubushobozi bwa theoretical bugereranijwe kuri 700 GW na 200 GW.

Ubundi buryo bukwiye kuvugwa nihydrogen, ntabwo ari isoko yingufu ahubwo ni vector yingufu ko, niba kuyikuramo ikoreshwa nibishobora kuvugururwa, ni icyatsi 100%. Umusanzu wacyo urashobora kuba uw'agaciro cyane cyane mu gukora imirenge igoye amashanyarazi, nk'inganda zikomeye, ubwikorezi, indege no gutwara umuhanda, birambye. Ikoranabuhanga rya hydrogène riracyari mucyiciro cyambere kandi ntiriteguye gukoreshwa kurwego rwubucuruzi, ariko ugereranije nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga, igihe gisabwa cyo gutegura iri koranabuhanga kugirango rinini rinini ni rito cyane.

Kubika ingufusisitemu nayo izagira uruhare rukomeye kuko irakenewe kugirango hishyurwe igihe cyamasoko yingufu zishobora kubaho nkizuba n umuyaga. Mu mateka, uburyo bwingenzi bwo kubika bwavomwe mu mashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, ariko iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryabonye iterambere ryinshi rya bateri, cyane cyane bateri ya lithium ion, ishobora kuba yigenga ahantu hose. Ikwirakwizwa ry’inganda zibika ingufu ziracyari nke ariko zikura vuba murakoze, muriki gihe kimwe, niterambere mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga rihora rizamura ubwiza n’imikorere ya bateri no kugabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro. Iyo ububiko bw'ingufu bwinjijwe byuzuye mumashanyarazi, amashanyarazi ashobora guhindurwa rimwe na rimwe azashobora kugaburira ingufu zitanga mumashanyarazi umwanya uwariwo wose, hatitawe kumiterere yikirere: noneho bizashoboka kugera kumashanyarazi avanze yuzuye rwose nta byuka bihumanya. Kazoza katari kure cyane.

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